El conocimientos de los Jefes de Avalúos de las Secciones sobre transacciones en el mercado inmobiliario, garantiza credibilidad mayor por parte del catastro; por lo tanto conociendo el contexto general de precios no es necesario efectuar una serie de encuestas a personas menos capacitadas en este campo.
Lo que se desea recalcar es que aún cuando las encuestas son importantes, el avalúo comercial deberá ser definido por el Comité, con base en la investigación realizada por el Jefe de Avalúos.
MUESTRA PARA AVALÚOS
El Jefe de Avalúos definirá los predios a avaluar que conformarán una muestra mínima de 15 predios más el 1% del total de los predios de la población que se ubicarán por toda la ciudad acuerdo a los parámetros siguientes:
Se seleccionarán los según el uso: residencial para cada estrato, comercio, oficinas, industria y talleres, de tal manera que se les pueda das un tratamiento por separado y que los cálculos para obtener las curvas de avalúos sean independientes en cada caso. Esto implica que la muestra debe tomar predios de todo el rango de puntajes.
Se selecciona la muestra teniendo el cuidado que estén representados todos los tipos de edificaciones. Una vez seleccionados los predios, se procede a calificarlos con las tablas de reconocimiento y calificación.
Todo el proceso lo efectuará el Jefe de Avalúos tomando como base los lineamientos generales presentados, pero aplicando su reconocimiento de la ciudad para ampliar la muestra según su criterio, ya que las cifras dadas inicialmente son el mínimo indispensable, pero en algunos casos puede no ser suficiente.
5.5. SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA (SIG)
5.5.1 Introducción
Un sistema de información geográfica o por sus siglas SIG es una integración de datos geográficos y un software que permiten el almacenamiento, recopilación y análisis de forma automática de diferentes informaciones geográficas, de este modo, esta herramienta se presenta como fundamental para la planificación y gestión catastral.
Básicamente un SIG es una base de datos geográfica asociada a través de identificadores comunes a objetos gráficos en un mapa digitalizado, de este modo, cuando el usuario señala un atributo, obtiene la información demandada. Por tanto, el SIG actúa como un programa de minería de datos, que busca, identifica, sintetiza y muestra de forma automática los resultados solicitados.
En este sentido, el SiG se caracteriza por la gestión de información espacial, lo que permite entregar los datos en diferentes capas, lo cual agiliza el programa y el reporte de datos. Los datos que normalmente ofrecen los SIG son:
- Localización
- Condición
- Tendencia
- Rutas
- Pautas
- Otros
Como se puede observar, el campo de actuación de los SIG es amplio, de este modo, se pueden utilizar en las diferentes actividades espaciales.
En la imagen anterior, se pueden observar las diferentes capas de información que suministra el SIG al usuario, mejorando su eficiencia al tener una optimar organización de los datos.
5.5.2 Creación de datos
Para la creación de datos en el SIG existen diferentes métodos, el más utilizado es el de la digitación, que consiste en transferir la información de campo a un medio digital mediante la utilización de programas DAO o CAD que son capaces de georeferenciar.
No obstante, cada vez es más utilizada la alimentación del SIG por imágenes de satélite y aéreas, debido al menor tiempo del proceso y mayor precisión en los datos obtenidos.
5.5.3 Representación de datos
El almacenamiento de datos se realiza mediante dos formas, raster y vectorial. Los SIG que trabajan con formato vectorial son los más conocidos y utilizados en el mercado, como google map. Sin embargo, para estudios que requieren capas continuas son más recomendables los que soportan el formato raster.
El formato raster se basa en la imagen digital representada en mallas, centrándose en las propiedades del entorno y no en la precisión de la localización, de este modo, para el presente proyecto es ideal el formato raster.
Los datos se componen en columnas de celdas que almacén un valor, pudiendo almacenar imágenes o valores. Los valores que puede almacenar son:
- Valor discreto: uso del suelo
- Valor continuo: temperatura, precipitaciones, etc.
Los formatos que soporta raster son:
- TIFF
- JPEG
- BLOB
Autor: Fabian Fonseca
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