En la cara posterior, los contactos suelen formar una trama apretada o, incluso, una lámina continua que permite la reducción del valor de la resistencia interna. Cuando una célula solar fotovoltaica se conecta a una carga o consumo y, al mismo tiempo, es iluminada por el Sol, genera una diferencia de potencial entre sus contactos que provoca la circulación de los electrones a través de la carga.En estas condiciones, la célula funciona como un generador de corriente. A continuación, describiremos con algo más de detalle los diferentes procesos que lo hacen posible:
• Los fotones que alcanzan el interior de la célula y que poseen una energía cinética igual o superior a la energía de valencia impactan en el material y generan pares de portadores (electrón-hueco).
• El campo eléctrico, o diferencia de potencial, producido por la unión pn separa los portadores antes de que se puedan dar recombinaciones.
Podemos decir que la corriente generada por una célula solar fotovoltaica iluminada y conectada a una carga es la resta entre su capacidad de producción bruta y las pérdidas por recombinación entre electrones y fotones. Una vez analizado el principio físico del porqué de la generación de electricidad y de sus características, hay que recordar lo siguiente:[1]
La célula solar es un generador de corriente y no de voltaje. Este principio es muy importante a la hora de entender cómo se comporta la célula ante las variaciones de los principales parámetros que le afectan:
• Radiación solar incidente.
• Voltaje de trabajo.
• Temperatura de trabajo.
La expresión más habitual y clara de mostrar el comportamiento de la célula solar es expresando la corriente que puede generar a una radiación solar determinada, generalmente1.000 W/m2 y en función del voltaje al que permita trabajar la carga, es decir, en función de la impedancia que tenga que alimentar.
Esta curva nos permite describir algunos puntos característicos para catalogar, definir y comparar células de diferentes materiales y / o fabricantes. La temperatura es la medida de la actividad o de agitación molecular de los cuerpos: cuanto más temperatura, más movilidad de partículas y, por tanto, más facilidad de liberación de los electrones.
Este fenómeno físico se traduce en una menor energía de valencia y, por tanto, en una generación de portadores mayor cuando aumenta la temperatura. Esta excitación también afecta a la zona de unión o de transición del material.
Este ensanchamiento de la anchura de la unión conlleva, de hecho, una dilución y hace que el voltaje de circuito abierto disminuya proporcionalmente a un ritmo aproximado de-2,3 MV / ° C. Esta caída del voltaje supera con facilidad la recuperación de intensidad y, por tanto, está lejos de lo que intuitivamente la mayoría de las personas piensan. [2]
A temperaturas elevadas, los módulos fotovoltaicos experimentan una fuerte caída del rendimiento. Este es un fenómeno a tener muy en cuenta a la hora de los diseños, tanto de las células como de su colocación.
Según la naturaleza y las características de los materiales usados, tenemos diferentes tipos de células. El tipo más común es la célula de silicio cristalino (Si). Este material se corta en láminas muy finas en forma de disco, monocristalinas o policristalinas, en función del proceso de fabricación de la barra de silicio.
La primera célula cristalina que se fabricó en el ámbito industrial es la de siliciopuro monocristalino. Estas células presentan un buen rendimiento energético, perot ienen un coste superior al resto de tipologías. Por este motivo, en la actualidad tienen un nivel de implantación moderado.
Las células monocristalinas suelen presentar una forma cuadrada, con las esquinas redondeadas. Antiguamente tenían forma circular. Esto se debe al proceso de crecimiento del cristal de silicio monocristalino que presenta una forma cilíndrica.
En el proceso de fabricación del silicio policristalino, el silicio se deja solidificar lentamente en un molde rectangular y se obtiene un sólido rectangular con muchos cristales, lo que da lugar a las células policristalinas. Este tipo de células tienen un rendimiento inferior a las monocristalinas, pero actualmente presentan una fuerte implantación porque tienen un coste inferior a las monocristalinas.[3]
Con menos implantación, podemos encontrar en el mercado paneles fotovoltaicos llamados de «capa fina». Estos no se fabrican con células individuales, sino en forma debandas continuas en que es depositada sobre un sustrato apropiado (vidrio o resinas sintéticas) una capa fina de silicio amorfo (a-Si), de 1 o 2 micras de espesor, haciendo un panel continuo que no necesita interconexiones interiores.
Una característica de estas células es que los fotones que no chocan con ningún electrón las atraviesan gracias a su pequeño espesor, lo que posibilita el diseño de paneles con diferentes capas superpuestas y que se llaman tándem (dos capas) o triple unión (tres capas).
[1] Peter Hoffmann. Tomorrow’s energy hydrogen, fuel cells, and the prospects for a cleaner planet. Editorial MIT Press. 2002.
[2] Peter Hoffmann. Tomorrow’s energy hydrogen, fuel cells, and the prospects for a cleaner planet. Editorial MIT Press. 2002.
[3] Ton Koppel. Powering the future the ballard fuel cell and the race to change the Word. Editorial John and Wiley and Sons. 1999.
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