La exclusividad de la jurisdicción se encuentra en cabeza del juez y su poder de de la jurisdicción ordinaria administran justicia, particularmente nos vamos a referir a la JURISDICCIÓN INDIGENA, que tiene su origen en el derecho consuetudinario, amparado en el artículo 246 de la Constitución Política Colombiana de 1991 ”Las autoridades de los pueblos indígenas podrán ejercer funciones jurisdiccionales dentro de su ámbito territorial, de conformidad con sus propias normas y procedimientos, siempre que no sean contrarios a la Constitución y leyes de la República.”[1]. Igualan un juez con un cabildo de una comunidad indígena que en la mayoría de los casos no han pasado por una institución educativa. El juez siendo una persona letrada, con recorrido en las ciencias jurídicas y además con conocimiento de causa en la aplicación de derecho, se ve igualado a los conocimientos y las directrices que un cabildo pueda llevar en su comunidad que no tiene del derecho.
La justificación es que al momento de ser reconocido Colombia como un país de múltiples culturas no se puede desconocer a las comunidades indígenas y no igualar a nuestro ordenamiento jurídico en cuanto a la manera de solucionar los conflictos; son ciudadanos colombianos; con las mismas capacidades para saber qué acciones son buenas o malas, el punto de inflexión es hasta donde la tradición de un país tiene que ir a favor de la impunidad. Un juez de la república tiene el conocimiento y la rectitud para saber juzgar a una persona de una comunidad indígena y a los que no lo son, no se puede considerar que se perderían sus costumbres si se someten a un proceso en la justicia ordinaria. Si tienen el libre albedrio para cometer una infracción a la luz de la justicia ordinaria; el mismo deben tener para responder.
“Se establece la obligación de respetar los métodos a los que los pueblos indígenas recurren tradicionalmente para la represión de los delitos cometidos por sus miembros”[2], el derecho evoluciona conforme a la realidad social de nuestro país; mientras los pueblos indígenas burlan este precepto constitucional con base en que fueron el principio de nuestros tiempos, es que perfectamente pueden garantizar la permanencia de su cultura sin tener que ser regímenes exceptuados y donde se le quiten competencia a los jueces de la república. Es desigualdad social implantada por la misma constitución colombiana donde abre la brecha entre unos y otros, ya que con solo colocar a un infractor de la ley en un cepo por 3 días al sol y al agua no sea suficiente para cumplir con una pena.
Hasta qué punto el principio de exclusividad del juez se debería replantear, cuando en este capítulo estamos observando que dicha jurisdicción no es exclusiva del juez y que no son solamente los indígenas, sino también los jueces de paz, la justicia penal militar, entre otros; los que ejercen esta administración de justicia, cual es la imparcialidad que se puede ver si los mismo indígenas están juzgando a sus familiares y amigos, la imparcialidad no puede ser un tópico que solo lo tenemos en la justicia ordinaria, la justicia no es una utopía. No son agentes cualificados; no tienen unas bases teóricas para dar un veredicto idóneo.
Ambo buscan una convivencia pacífica, en extremos diferentes y con instrumentos arcaicos en uno de ellos. Ambos deberían buscar esa convivencia desde una unión de los ordenamientos jurídicos. Si se le piden tantos elementos externos a un juez al momento de dictar una sentencia, no hay razón para que los equivalentes especiales acaben con todo lo que la justicia procesal ha logrado, no hay razón de ser que por este lado se exijan procedimientos casi perfectos, donde se debe buscar la verdad material cuando del otro lado se permiten amplios procedimientos para “castigar” un delito.
En este orden de ideas un proceso bajo la jurisdicción indígena no puede ser justo para el hombre si un juzgador solo está obrando con base en sus conocimientos empíricos, un juez de una jurisdicción indígena no falla en razón a la norma y con la intención de no faltar a la constitución, solo está jugando a ser la autoridad. Si un juez con códigos y jurisprudencia puede; y de hecho se equivocan, que se espera de un cabildo solo actúa con base en lo que quiere. Los límites para que los indígenas se juzgue es no caer en torturas, tratos crueles, degradantes e inhumanos entonces tenemos la excusa perfecta para que estas excepciones a la justicia ordinaria se acabe, porque los castigos que se le implantan a los infractores indígenas son degradantes e inhumanos.
Mientras que las sentencias proferidas por un juez de la justicia ordinaria, son revisadas por superiores y tiene segunda instancia, aquí a los procesados indígenas se les viola este derecho a la doble instancia, un juez no es perfecto como tal sus consideraciones deben tener un segundo juicio de valor.
El juez que debe ser esta demasiado alejado del que en realidad se tiene en las comunidades indígenas, el juez en la justicia ordinaria es un ente jurídico que se encarga de cumplir la constitución para gozar de un orden justo. Cuando hablamos de equivalentes estamos frente a circunspecciones parejas, que aquí ostenté que no son iguales y que no podemos considerarlos un equivalente, es un estigma descomunal para un juez que en nada se parecen. No puede ser más conveniente ser indígena en un país que necesita que se acaben con las consideraciones.
Autor: ANGY LIZETH CARDENA SANTA
[1] Constitución Política
[2] Artículo 65 del convenio 169 de la OIT
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