Practican el llamado «arte por el arte», consideran que éste no debe tener ningún papel social regenerador, sencillamente son creadores de belleza, opinan que la finalidad del arte es el disfrute estético. Los esteticistas creen que el artista es un ser superior y diferente al resto de la sociedad para vivir dedicado a la creación de la belleza.
Critican la sociedad en que viven porque favorece la uniformidad, la fealdad, la vulgaridad, mientras que ellos defienden la belleza, la poesía, la diferencia, el disfrute estético, el individualismo. Las actitudes y los comportamientos del grupo modernista esteticista están muy ligados a lo que se llama «bohemia», una forma de vida, de comportarse, de vestirse, etc, propio de aquellos artistas que se quieren presentar como creadores de belleza, que viven totalmente dedicados a su arte y que, por tanto, deben ser diferentes del resto de la sociedad en todos los aspectos.[1]
Ahora bien, lo sesteticistas, en general, forman lo que se llama «bohemia dorada». No podemos olvidar que la mayoría eran hijos de familias burguesas, con negocios, que podían darles apoyo económico mientras ellos se dedicaban exclusivamente a la creación artística, por lo que no debían preocuparse por cuestiones económicas. Pero paralelamente existía un grupo de artistas, la mayoría de ellos provenientes de comarcas y que no pertenecían a familias acomodadas, que no tenían ningún apoyo económico en caso de que no pudieran comercializar sus obras. Formaban parte dela llamada «bohemia negra».
Estos artistas llegaban a las capitales y a menudo se encontraban inadaptados al medio urbano y sin ningún apoyo económico, lo que hacía que tuvieran que malvivir haciendo trabajos poco satisfactorias que no les dejaban dedicarse por entero al arte y dignificarse completamente como artistas.[2]
Estos conflictos derivaban de veces en un desajuste entre sus propósitos y proyectos artísticos y la realidad que les tocaba vivir. Muchas veces estos artistas que formaban la «bohemia negra» vivieron situaciones de miseria, enfermedades, problemas mentales e, incluso, algunos de ellos llegaron al suicidio.
El regeneracionismo de tipo anarquizante se da por liquidado, ya que llega a la conclusión de que no se puede cambiar la sociedad desde posiciones individualistas extremas. Tampoco ha dado resultado la postura esteticista de evasiónante la realidad, del «yo» del artista si lo que se pretende es que este sea profesional y que su arte sea reconocido y aceptado por la sociedad.
2 ª ETAPA. 1900 a 1,911. Mientras que la primera etapa del movimiento se había caracterizado por ser combativa y fundamentalmente teórica, la segunda etapa significa la aceptación del arte y la literatura modernistas por parte de la burguesía. Se puede considerar que el Modernismo «triunfa» como movimiento cultural, literario y estético. [3]
Los modernistas se dan cuenta que para cambiar la sociedad necesitan el apoyo de las clases dirigentes y por eso moderan sus posturas radicales y agresivas. Asimismo, la burguesía, sensibilizada a raíz del desastre colonial de 1898, comienza a hacer suyas las ideas de cambio y de modernidad que han defendido los modernistas y empiezan a adherirse a un movimiento político de carácter conservador.[4]
[1] C. Bousoño, Teoría de la expresión poética, Madrid, Gredos, sesta ed., 1976, pp.
113-153 (prima ed. 1952).
[2] Darío, Rubén, Azul, El salmo de la pluma, Cantos de vida y esperanza, Otros poemas, México, Porrúa, 1992. ————, Azul, México, Leyenda, 2006. De León, Olver Gilberto, Literaturas ibéricas y latinoamericanas, París. Orphrys, 1981. Durand, René L.F., Rubén Darío, París, Seghers, 1966. Joset, Jacques, La littérature hispanoamericaine. 1e éd. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), 1977. Pérez Leyva, Ma. De los Ángeles, Literatura universal, México, Porrúa, 1992. Ureña, M. Henríquez, El retorno de los galeones, México, De Andrea, 1963. Yahni, Roberto, Prosa modernista hispanoamericana, Madrid, Alianza, 1974.
[3] P. Cerezo Galán, Palabra en el tiempo. Poesía y filosofía en Antonio Machado,
Madrid, Gredos 1975. Pp. 81 – 152
[4] Darío, Rubén, Azul, El salmo de la pluma, Cantos de vida y esperanza, Otros poemas, México, Porrúa, 1992. ————, Azul, México, Leyenda, 2006. De León, Olver Gilberto, Literaturas ibéricas y latinoamericanas, París. Orphrys, 1981. Durand, René L.F., Rubén Darío, París, Seghers, 1966. Joset, Jacques, La littérature hispanoamericaine. 1e éd. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), 1977. Pérez Leyva, Ma. De los Ángeles, Literatura universal, México, Porrúa, 1992. Ureña, M. Henríquez, El retorno de los galeones, México, De Andrea, 1963. Yahni, Roberto, Prosa modernista hispanoamericana, Madrid, Alianza, 1974.
Autor: Wang Jung
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