Estas protecciones están incorporadas en el mismo inversor y, en la documentación de legalización de la instalación, se deberá aportar el documento acreditativo del fabricante conforme dispone y cumple las protecciones anteriores. Por otra parte, todos los inversores de conexión a red disponen de un sistema de control junto CC que permite optimizar el funcionamiento de los paneles fotovoltaicos; este control se denomina «seguimiento del punto de máxima potencia» o MPPT. El sistema busca el punto de máxima potencia (IMPP, Vmpp) del campo fotovoltaico para que este genere la máxima potencia disponible en cada momento, ya que esta varía, principalmente, en función de la irradiancia solar y, en segundo término, por el efecto de la temperatura ambiente en las células solares de los paneles.A3
Contador bidireccional de energía inyectada a la red eléctrica
Este elemento permite contabilizar la energía generada por la instalación y la que consume, por lo que este elemento realiza una lectura en dos direcciones o «bidireccional». Para instalaciones monofásicas de hasta 5 kW de inversor, el contador deberá de ser electrónico de dos hilos (230 Vca); dispondrá sólo de energía activa (kWh) y será de clase 2 o superior. También deberá estar homologado por la compañía distribuidora y cumplir con lo establecido en la normativa específica sobre los puntos y equipos de medida.
Para instalaciones superiores a 5 kW y hasta 43,6 kW, el contador podrá ser de lectura directa y deberá incorporar lecturas de energía activa en doble sentido (kWh) y energía reactiva de generación (kVAhr). A partir de esta potencia, el contador será de medida indirecta, es decir que dispondrá de los correspondientes transformadores de intensidad acoplados al embarrado del cuadro de interconexión. Las lecturas de energía serán las mismas que en el caso anterior.
El contador se colocará dentro del módulo correspondiente de doble aislamiento, con el resto de elementos de protección general de la interconexión. Este módulo deberá poder ser precintado por la compañía distribuidora. El contador, junto con el resto de los elementos de protección de conexión, deberá ubicarse en el punto límite público-privado de la propiedad, con acceso por parte de la compañía las 24 h y los 365 días del año.A4
– Punto de conexión
Este es el punto donde se conecta la instalación fotovoltaica con la red de distribución de baja tensión. La ubicación y características del punto de conexión es competencia directa de la compañía eléctrica y ello implica que la petición de este punto es uno de los primeros trámites administrativos que deben realizar cuando se quiere montar una instalación fotovoltaica conectada a red.
De manera general, siempre se situará en la red de distribución oa la conexión general del abonado, sin esto último, será la compañía la que determine la ubicación y condiciones técnicas que debe cumplir. En cuanto a la potencia fotovoltaica a conectar, esta será como máximo un50% de la potencia de disipación (capacidad de absorción) de la conexión eléctrica o, en su defecto, la de la estación transformadora que alimente la línea.
Protecciones eléctricas (B)Las instalaciones eléctricas, incluidas las instalaciones solares fotovoltaicas autónomas y de conexión a red, deben disponer de las protecciones siguientes:
• Protección contra sobre intensidades (sobrecargas) ITC-BT-22.
• Protección contra sobre intensidades (cortocircuitos) ITC-BT-22.• Protección contra sobretensiones ITC-BT-23.
• Protección contra contactos directos ITC-BT-24.• Protección contra contactos indirectos ITC-BT-24.• Toma de tierra ITC-BT-18, 19, 26.Protecciones en la parte de CCB1 y B2 – Protecciones contra sobretensiones (varistores)El varistor es un elemento de protección contra las sobretensiones, destinado a proteger la instalación contra las sobretensiones transitorias de origen atmosférico.
A fin de garantizar la eficacia del sistema de protección contra sobretensiones, habrá que instalar un varistor por cada una de las líneas de la instalación y otro, en serie, a la entrada de cada equipo a proteger, tal como se ha descrito en el apartado de las instalaciones instalaciones fotovoltaicas autónomas.[1]
A la salida CA del inversor y después del interruptor automático B4, se instalará un varistor de CA para proteger al inversor de sobretensiones que puedan inducir poresta línea .Las características de estos varistores deberán estar en consonancia con las tensiones y potencias del generador fotovoltaico de conexión a red, el nivel de protección que se quiere alcanzar y la ubicación geográfica de la instalación. Esta última permitirá conocer la probabilidad de impacto de rayos y su intensidad.
No obstante habrá que seguir las recomendaciones de los fabricantes de estos equipos y, en especial, la ITC-BT 20 y demás normativa que sea necesario aplicar.B3 – Fusibles de la línea del generador fotovoltaico
Elemento de protección contra sobrecargas y cortocircuitos, aunque la intensidad de cortocircuito del generador fotovoltaico (paneles) no sea demasiado elevada (Icc = 1,08 IMPP),el fusible protegerá la línea eléctrica contra cortocircuitos de origen externo. Cabe destacar que estos elementos no pueden actuar como seccionadores con carga de ningún equipo de la instalación. Para esta función se utilizarán los interruptores manuales o automáticos descritos más adelante.
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