En Colombia en los últimos años ha descubierto un gran potencial en el negocio de la minera, gracias a la gran variedad de minerales en su territorio, generando una gran riqueza para el país en el aspecto económico. La aplicación del negocio minero a gran escala en Colombia es una situación nueva y como aspecto positivo se presenta un alto grado de desarrollo económico basado en la generación de empleo a través de inversiones nacionales y extranjeras. Por esta principal razón en los últimos años el estado ha otorgaron más de cinco mil (5.000) títulos mineros en el país para las actividades de exploración y explotación minera.
Sin embargo como aspecto negativo en la actividad minera del país, se observa un problema de control y protección tanto en los aspectos económico, legal, social y ambiental, generando un daño al detrimento patrimonio económico y ambiental del Estado. La Agencia Nacional de Minera es una entidad del estado encargada de realizar la función de control y fiscalización sobre dichos títulos, pero no cuenta con la capacidad y cantidad de personal idóneo para realizar esta labor.
Es por ello que el Estado colombiano realizo una oferta publica a las empresas privadas para que presente un apoyo técnico y legal a la fiscalización de títulos mineros, y como consecuencia se autorizó a la entidad FONADE (Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Económico) para que apoye financieramente el proceso de la fiscalización minera por medio de un Contrato con dos consorcios, conformados por empresas nacionales y extranjeras que cumplieran con los requisitos de conocimiento y experiencia en este sector, las cuales se otorgaron a dos grupos para que cumplieran con esta función; el primero grupo es conformado por las empresas Tecnicontrol y la multinacional alemana Bureau Veritas, y el segundo grupo es conformado por las empresas HMV Ingenieros y la multinacional canadiense Genivar.
En la actividad de fiscalización minera ejercida por estos dos consorcios, su principal función es la de observar y registrar cual es la naturaleza del título minero en sus tres etapas, tanto en Exploración, Construcción y Montaje, y Explotacion, indicando las obligaciones debidas, las cumplidas, las que está por cumplir y cuando existe minería ilegal en la zona; donde para ello se realizan 3 informes por cada título minero. Estos Informes comprenden 3 clases de reportes, los cuales son los siguientes:
a. Evaluación documental, se analiza por parte de los abogados las obligaciones documentales que el titulo minero presenta de acuerdo al expediente analizado, entre ellas se encuentran incumplimientos al pago de las Regalias, incumplimiento en la presentación o uso de las autorizaciones ambientales, incumplimiento a la presentación de informes técnicos y formatos básicos mineros, entre otros, que se registraran en 4 aspectos, que son legales, económicos, ambientales y técnicos.
b. Inspección Técnica de Seguimiento y Control, este informe se realiza con base a una visita hecha por los ingenieros de minas al título minero, donde observan e indican las medidas que este tiene, su ubicación exacta y que actividades mineras se realizan dentro del título, si se está cumpliendo con la seguridad e higiene en el titulo minero y si se han presentado daños ambientales en la zona.
c. Informe de fiscalización Integral, este es el último informe y es presentado a la Autoridad Minera, donde se resumen los dos informes anteriores. Aquí se identifica de forma integral las obligaciones que el titulo minero ha cumplido, y los requerimientos que se deben hacer al mismo, ya sea bajo apremio de multa o bajo causal de caducidad de acuerdo a la gravedad del caso, para esperar su cumplimiento y estar al día el titular minero con sus deberes.
Gracias a los informes anteriores la Agencia Nacional Minera tiene una herramienta de monitoreo y seguimiento para vigilar el cumplimiento de las normas y obligaciones contraídas en los títulos mineros, sobre la naturaleza jurídica, técnica, económica y ambiental, brindando como consecuencia una mejor seguridad en el desarrollo de las actividades, evitando la minería ilegal, la evasión de impuestos, la especulación y principalmente una mayor protección ambiental.
Escritor: Haloran E. Barney Iglesias.
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