En los últimos años se han generado grandes cambios en las organizaciones, que muchos de los trabajadores no están en condiciones de asumir. Esta nueva realidad laboral implica, entre otras cosas, demanda de disponibilidad y actualizaciones permanentes, que van más allá de las capacidades del individuo, (Bauman, 2000); (Sennett, 2002). Hoy por hoy, los trabajadores enfrentan grandes retos que deben asumir no solo para mantener su puesto de trabajo, sino para sobresalir en el mundo laboral y alcanzar el éxito, (García, Benavides & Ruiz-Frutos, 2000).
A mediados del siglo XX, los enfoques mecanicistas hicieron un intento por demostrar una relación lineal entre las condiciones del individuo en el trabajo y su deterioro en la salud. Sin embargo, los hallazgos de diferentes estudios sobre estrés laboral, permitieron comprender que otros factores importantes incidían en la salud de los trabajadores. Estos factores se clasificaron como factores intralaborales, factores extralaborales y factores individuales, de acuerdo con la resolución 2646 de 2008. Se entendió entonces, que no solo las características propias del empleo eran las que desencadenaban enfermedades tales como fatiga y estrés, sino aspectos propios de la persona como sus juicios de valor, estrategias de afrontamiento, repertorios conductuales, entre otros, (Cornejo y Quiñones 2007).
Peiró (2004), afirma que el trabajo pasa de ser una actividad solamente física a ser una actividad mental. Variables como la iniciativa, la toma de decisiones y el asumir riesgos para la solución de problemas, la innovación, los mecanismos de autocontrol y autorregulación y el desarrollo de estrategias de auto motivación toman un lugar muy importante dentro de las organizaciones.
Justificación
Pérez (2009), afirma que uno de los ámbitos organizacionales donde menos conciencia existe sobre los riesgos profesionales es el educativo y que la mayoría de los docentes ignoran las políticas que velan por la integridad de los trabajadores. Por su parte, las ARP, han catalogado a este tipo de organizaciones como de riesgo mínimo, (clase 1), lo que ocasiona una cierta despreocupación por las condiciones laborales del personal en los colegios.
No obstante, el sector educativo, es uno de los ámbitos profesionales donde más se presentan riesgos laborales, sobretodo de orden psicosocial. A pesar de la falta de estudios sobre el tema, algunas estadísticas demuestran que casi el 75 % de los docentes en España es víctima de acoso psicológico y el 15% víctima de acoso físico en sus puestos de trabajo, (Pérez, 2009).
La labor del docente, no solo se limita a la transferencia de conocimientos sino que incluye una amplia gama de actividades como el desarrollo de planes institucionales que son requisito para el funcionamiento del plantel, el cuidado y protección del alumnado, la atención a padres de familia, entre otros; representa una gran carga laboral que puede desencadenar el deterioro de la salud del mismo, (Pando, et al, 2007). Entre algunos de los trastornos hallados en las comunidades docentes y administrativas de las instituciones educativas, se resalta el Burnout, (Bezanilla, et al, 2007).
Sin embargo el resultado de la investigación realizada por Pando et al, (2007), demuestra que además de los riesgos propios de su gestión en el trabajo, los docentes están expuestos a riesgos generados por aspectos de la organización misma y los estilos de liderazgo.
Otros riesgos que se han identificado en los planteles educativos, en torno a la actividad docente, son aquellos derivados de las condiciones de seguridad, aunque los mismos han sido descritos como tolerables tales como los riesgos biológicos, los químicos y físicos y los riesgos ergonómicos. (Pérez 2009).
Dado este panorama, se considera de gran importancia seguir ampliando de manera profunda la información acerca de la problemática que subyace a los planteles educativos y al ejercicio de la docencia con respecto a los factores de riesgo psicosocial.
Objetivos
Objetivo general
Describir los factores de riesgo psicosocial presentes en la institución educativa Gimnasio Cristiano Adonai de la ciudad de Bogotá.
Objetivos específicos
- Determinar las características sociodemográficas del personal docente y administrativo del Colegio Gimnasio Cristiano Adonai.
- Identificar la percepción de riesgo que tienen los funcionarios de la institución.
- Determinar la carga mental
- Permitir una primera aproximación de la población al tema de riesgos psicosociales y la importancia de la valoración de los mismos en una institución educativa.
- Diseñar una propuesta de intervención.
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