En los últimos años la criminología del desarrollo gana peso en la explicación de la violencia, se orienta al estudio de la evolución en el tiempo de la carrera delictiva y pone un énfasis especial en la etapa de la niñez y la adolescencia del individuo.
Así, la niñez, adolescencia y juventud son momentos cruciales para entender el comportamiento delictivo (FARRINGTON, 1992; Loeb, FARRINGTON Y WASCHBUSCH, 1998). Muchos jóvenes presentan conductas delictivas durante alguno de estos períodos evolutivos, pero las abandonan o extinguen sin una aparente o sin intervención cambios de contexto aparentemente significativos. En cambio, un pequeño grupo de delincuentes persisten en estas conductas, suelen tener un inicio precoz, y la frecuencia, duración del período y gravedad de los delitos que cometerán será mayor (HOWELL, 2003; Moffitt, 1993).
Estudiando la carrera delictiva se puede analizar la secuencia de delitos y los factores explicativos que se vinculan en la aparición, mantenimiento y extinción (finalización). En este ámbito surgen los modelos explicativos de la delincuencia basados en los factores de riesgo: se diferencian los factores de riesgo estáticos (inmodificables o que sólo pueden incrementarse o empeorar) los factores de riesgo dinámicos (modificables, que pueden cambiar a peor o a mejor, y son susceptibles de tratamiento o intervención).
FARRINGTON (1996) integró en la teoría de la carrera delictiva la diferenciación entre los conceptos de tendencia antisocial del sujeto y la decisión de cometer un delito. La tendencia antisocial tiene que ver con tres factores: los procesos motivacionales (las necesidades o deseos), la búsqueda del método legal o ilegal de satisfacer estas necesidades y el sistema de actitudes y creencias que potencian o inhiben el deseo inicial. Finalmente, la decisión del sujeto tendrá que ver con la interacción de estos tres elementos con la situación concreta: el sujeto hará un análisis sobre el coste y los beneficios anticipados, la oportunidad, las probabilidades de éxito y su sensibilidad personal hacia el rechazo social.
Farrington distingue tres momentos decisivos de la carrera delictiva : en un primer momento , el inicio , en la adolescencia , cuando el joven sufre especialmente la influencia del grupo de iguales (en cuanto a desarrollar procesos de imitación de conducta desadaptativa ) , tiene mucha motivación hacia el logro de beneficios de una manera fácil , dispone de muchas oportunidades para cometer delitos y percibe una elevada utilidad en esta comisión ( tiene poco que perder ) .
En un segundo momento, la carrera delictiva se mantiene si el joven presenta unas tendencias antisociales persistentes en consecuencia de un reforzado proceso de aprendizaje. Finalmente, el desistimiento o abandono de la carrera delictiva se puede producir si el joven mejora las capacidades para satisfacer sus necesidades por vías lícitas , si estas motivaciones se vuelven más realistas , si los costos de la delincuencia se perciben mayores y si aumentan los vínculos afectivos con parejas no antisociales .
(Generalitat de Catalunya. Departamento de Justicia)
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