Atardecer de otoño en la montaña
Después de bañarse en una lluvia refrescante, el otoño llega por la tarde poco a poco al monte vacío.
Por la noche, la luna clara refleja su brillo radiante en el pinar verdinegro; en la espesura del bosque, siento una fuente murmurante que corre incesamente entre el peñascal.
En este momento, unas lavanderas jovencitas vuelven alborotando desde el
bambuzal; y poco después, regresan los pescadores en sus juncos atravesando
incontables hojas de loto.
Aunque ya se han marchitado las flores, el panorama otoñal aún es tan atractivo e inolvidable para un caballero tan elegante y noble como tú.
Este poema fue escrito en el tiempo en que Wang Wei vivía retirado en la montaña Chung Nan o en su finca de Wang Chuan. En él dibuja un encantador paisaje en la montaña después de una lluvia otoñal cuando estaba fascinado por lo que encontró. El poema es tan nítido y claro como un cristal. Se desteca por su vivo colorido vivo mientras refleja la noble aspiración que tenía y su búsqueda incesante sobre una vida ideal.
空山新雨後，天氣晚來秋。 A principios de otoño, acabó de cesar una lluvia a la caída de la tarde. Hizo mucho fresco en la montaña y el frescor del aire era muy agradable y refrescante. Después de una buena ducha de la lluvia, todo quedó
aseado y limpio, lo que deleitaba mucho los sentidos del poeta. La palabra “空山”(la montaña vacía), indicó que este sitio para el poeta era tan bello como un oasis. En ese primer verso, el poeta mostró el lugar, la hora, la estación y el tiempo a los lectores con un lenguaje escueto y lacónico, mientras tanto interpretó bien el tema y dio una idea del poema, representó las imágenes poéticas exquisitas y muy naturales.
明月松間照，清泉石上流。Ya era tarde. La luna subía mientras emitía los resplandores diáfanos y suaves en los pinares, moteaba todo. Una fuente cristalina fluía entre el peñascal muy deprisa después de la lluvia como una tela blanca e inmaculada, brillaba bajo la luna. ¡ Qué poético y qué atractivo el entorno del pueblecito !
Por una parte, aquí el pino (松) y la fuente clara (泉) en el verso eran dos metáfora que representaron la propia voluntad de gran categoría del poeta. Los chinos llaman el pino, el bamboo y la flor de ciruelo “ los tres amigos del invierno”(歲寒三友) porque tanto el pino (松), el bambú (竹) como el ciruelo (梅), las tres plantas que aguantan mucho el frío, son símbolos muy positivos para elogiar a una persona que es firme de carácter; sobre todo, para alabar la voluntad inquebrantable que muestra ante la adversidad. El pino, por ejemplo, fue considerado como símbolo de la integridad moral y de la fortaleza del alma por ser perene y muy resistente al frío. Confucio dijo:”歲寒,然後知松柏後凋也”( Hace mucho frío, todas las plantas se han marchitado excepto el pino y el ciprés porque aún muestran las hojas verdes en un frío tan severo.) significó alegoríamente que sólo aquellos hombres eminentes en talento y virtud serían capaces de ser constantes y no rendirse a la fatalidad en época agitada.
Por otra parte, Wang ensalzó una vez a dos ermitaños virtuosos pero anómimos en un poema: “息陰無惡木，飲水必清源” ( Cuando descansan, nunca dan sombra debajo de la fronda del árbol de mala especie; cuando tienen sed, siempre buscan agua de origen claro y limpio) Los dos frases, no eran alabanza de cortesía o adulación exagerada, sino palabras sinceras del poeta y, en cierta manera, era espejo de la personalidad eminente que tenía el poeta. Cuando era joven, Wang se recomendó a sí mismo al entonces primer ministro, esperando que podría trabajar en el gobierno. Para llegar a su fin, el poeta le presentó un poema que comenzó con versos como “寧棲野樹林，寧飲澗水流”( Soy un chico honrado y digno. En vez de lisonjear a los personajes influyentes o a los magnates a fin de cazar un buen destino, prefiero pasar mi vida viviendo aislado en el campo y bebiendo el
agua clara del arroyo para matar la sed). Para explicarse bien al ministro, le explicó en un poema fue sólo quería dedicar su vida al bien del pueblo. En este sentido, Wang reiteró su moral elevada describiendo la fuente o el agua clara en sentido figurado.
竹喧歸浣女，蓮動下漁舟。 De repente, se oían el canto y la risa alegre desde el bambuzal -regresaron las muchachas inocentes del lavadero. Y poco después, también se oía de continuo el chapoteo entre las hojas de loto- eran los pescadores que rompieron el silencio en los juncos cuando volvieron. Después de lavar la ropa, las jovencitas rurales retornaron en grupo, riendo y jugueteando muy a gusto.
Aunque despertaron el bosque durmiente, lo vitalizaron con voz dulce y dejaron resonar la risa en la espesura del bambuzal; mientras tanto, aparecieron unos botes con buena pesca bajo el cielo constelado. Los pescadores, aunque cansados del trabajo, aún tarareaban barcarola, y los juncos, chapaleaban a lo largo de su camino, salpicaron las hojas de loto con goteo incontable. No obstante, en realidad, el poeta nunca había visto con sus propios ojos el regreso de las lavanderas jovencitas ni de los pescadores, debido a una vegetación muy cerrada en la montaña, se figuró la escena muy animada y muy vívida por escuchar el alboroto producido desde las profundidades del bambuzal, por prestar oídos al ruido cadencioso de la remada y por observar la mecida obvia de las hojas de loto. La narración, aunque nació mitad de la imaginación del poeta, aún es agradable al oído y a la vista, Wang nos presentó un vivo retrato con éxito sobre la rutina diaria de la gente trabajadora en el monte.
Autor: Wang Jung
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