Luis Enrique Alonso, Carlos J. Fernández Rodríguez, José Ma Nyssen y José Joaquín Brunner.
Desde hace varias décadas la universidad ha sido cuestionada en cuanto a su eficacia debido a que no ofrece a sus alumnos una formación adecuada a los requerimientos de las empresas, incluso ha llevado a las autoridades políticas y académicas a plantearse las razones por las que las enseñanzas superiores no responden adecuadamente a las nuevas necesidades del mercado, por consiguiente numerosas reformas se han diseñado y asumidas en la práctica como el plan Bolonia, renovaciones que están encaminadas a garantizar que la enseñanza universitaria capacite a los alumnos con conocimientos que permitan una adecuada inserción laboral, por ende la enseñanza universitaria en la actualidad hace hincapié en las capacidades de los alumnos como futuros trabajadores del conocimiento.
Por otro lado desde la esfera económica, político y social se llama a las universidades para que tengan un protagonismo en el desarrollo económico regional, al mismo tiempo se pretende actualizar la participación de todos los agentes de la sociedad en el proceso de cambio que experimenta éste a ritmo global.
Las universidades públicas tradicionales están sujetas a circunstancias difíciles de pugnar debido a un desbalance de recursos y las demandas del mercado laboral, fenómeno que se presenta por la competitividad y la globalización de las economías que han provocado que la educación superior se considere como la generación y garantía de la empleabilidad ya que la misma toma un protagonismo esencial en la redefinición de las políticas internacionales de empleo y aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida.
En las últimas décadas el concepto de sociedad del conocimiento ha impulsado la idea de que a mayor grado de formación más posibilidades de inserción laboral existe, no obstante las estadísticas en el caso español muestran que las generaciones jóvenes aun siendo las mejores formadas académicamente esto no ha evitado que se produzca una precariedad laboral entre los jóvenes universitarios. Para promover reformas es importante conocer las demandas de las empresas que son la principal fuente de trabajo para los universitarios debido a que estas suelen valorar el hecho que estos jóvenes graduados hayan tenido un buen rendimiento en la empresa, en factores en cuanto a competencias, personalidad, iniciativa, responsabilidad, disponibilidad, capacidad de adaptación a los cambios. Otros valores que aparecen son el espíritu de sacrificio, la disciplina y la aceptación de la autoridad.
Sin embargo salvo excepciones los empleadores, consideran que los nuevos licenciados de la época actual carecen de buena parte de estas virtudes poniendo de manifiesto que esta situación de falta de competencias de personalidad se debe a un modelo cultural vigente en la actualidad, el cual se basa en el mínimo esfuerzo y en el que los jóvenes están habituados a pedir y a conseguir. Frente a las generaciones anteriores, en la actualidad los jóvenes se adaptan mal a los requerimientos del mercado de trabajo porque vienen de una cultura familiar excesivamente protectora.
Por cuanto desde el punto de vista de estos se considera que el principal problema de los jóvenes contratados no es su formación, sino su falta de actitud y empeño ante el trabajo, por lo cual es imprescindible plantear una reflexión acerca de la verdadera definición de las cualificaciones y destrezas en el caso español, desde un planteamiento coherente con las peculiaridades del actual contexto del mercado laboral resultando oportuno tomar en cuenta un plano ideológico-moral y otro instrumental que permitan mejorar dichas competencias tanto en el ámbito político como social, por lo tanto es primordial lograr un cambio de perspectiva profundo, sobre el modelo de los aprendizajes, el papel de la universidad y el estudiante en el ámbito socioeconómico y cultural para lo cual se requerirá de liderazgo, tiempo, reflexión y participación intensiva por parte de todos los actores llamados a formar parte de la misma mediante mecanismos concretos y apropiados. A partir de la recuperación de los discursos sociales de los diferentes actores directamente implicados, por lo tanto es de suma importancia reflexionar sobre cuestiones que se han convertido en fundamentales para el cambio de modelo de aprendizaje, sobre las dificultades en la conciliación de las expectativas de titulados y empleadores, sobre el funcionamiento de los mercados de trabajo y el uso real de las competencias.
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