La asimilación cultural es la forma en que se señala el proceso en el que se integra un grupo etno-cultural como pueden ser los inmigrantes, los grupos étnicos minoritarios y otros grupos de lo que se tiene definido como común, a una comunidad más amplia o dominante. La idea de que estos elementos generales constituyen la garantía para la convivencia cultural en un estado o un territorio, es la que propicia el inicio de este proceso.
En dicho proceso, el grupo que se absorbe, pierde generalmente su originalidad de forma parcial o total en aspectos como sus formas de hablar, sus dialectos, las peculiaridades de su habla, los modos de ser y otras características de su identidad cultural en el momento en que entra en contacto con la sociedad dominante. Dicha asimilación puede ser voluntaria en algunos casos como el de los inmigrantes por lo general, o puede ser de forma forzada como es el caso de varias etnias minoritarias en un estado establecido en procesos de colonización. Los procesos de asimilación cultural se presentan a través de toda la historia y muchos han propiciado el surgimiento de nuevas culturas. Un ejemplo sería, la conquista de América por las potencias europeas en los siglos XV hasta XIX que creó la gran parte de las naciones americanas actuales. De los procesos de asimilación cultural de la contemporaneidad que ha sido más discutido resulta ser el de la americanización ya que suele confundirse un proceso que resulta más antiguo y general que se denomina occidentalización.
- Asimilación por parte de una cultura rica:
El ejemplo representativo en el que una cultura dominada de forma política asimiló en cuanto a lo cultural a la que la dominó, fue la cultura griega. Los romanos fueron los conquistadores de toda la región en la cuenca del Mar Mediterráneo y fueron al mismo tiempo asimilados de manera cultural por una colonia, que presentaba gran riqueza cultura y mayor antigüedad.
· Asimilación por conquistas:
El Descubrimiento de las tierras de América y la conquista sobre las poblaciones nativas americanas, produjo una Europeización de forma forzada hacia las colonias del nuevo mundo, comprendidas fundamentalmente como la castellanización donde se impuso principalmente el idioma castellano y como religión, la católica, vistos estos aspectos como una garantía de composición civilizada que deriva de la romana en lo que ataña a España y con los referentes procesos en lo que tiene que ver con las otras potencias de Europa en América, como fueron Portugal, Francia, Inglaterra y Holanda.
· Asimilación de inmigrantes
El otro modo de asimilación cultural ocurre con la llegada de inmigrantes y de refugiados a otros países. Este proceso tiende a ser complejo, debido a que no siempre dichos grupos desean asimilar la cultura del país a donde van, sino que gran parte de ellos prefieren defender su cultura , característica de los lugares de donde provienen, cuestión que puede provocar dificultades tales como la marginación y rechazo. Otros grupos ejecutan el proceso de asimilación de forma parcial y pragmática, o sea, toman los elementos culturales que dominan en la sociedad y mantienen sus manifestaciones propias en un contexto íntimo. Otros grupos sin embargo se manifiestan abiertos a apropiarse de la cultura que les dio cabida y olvidan muchas veces sus orígenes.
· Asimilación forzada
En el caso de que un gobierno ponga énfasis excesivo en la homogeneización en cuanto a la identidad nacional, puede provocar enemigos históricos, fundamentalmente en el caso de las minorías. Esta situación ha provocado con frecuencia dramáticas imposiciones de cultura que ha conllevado al exterminio de la minoría cultural, en algunos casos al punto de suponer esto como la alternativa única. El exterminio en algunos casos puede ser la negación de forma total de la identidad cultural en la minoría, mostrando su cultura como inconveniente o inferior, o la eliminación física puede ser por medio de la exclusión de su territorio o por medio del genocidio. La asimilación cultural forzada sucede por tanto en el caso de que una mayoría somete a una minoría a transigirse a la primera.
· Asimilación por cultura dominante:
Se hallan procesos de asimilación culturales que son liderados por culturas de tipo dominante que poseen en la actualidad gran notabilidad mundial, inclusive si en varias ocasiones los términos se utilizan de forma arbitraria. En este caso la asimilación se adjudica el nombre de la cultura líder, la asimilación cultural que ejerció el Imperio romano concerniente a los pueblos que conquistaba se conoce como Romanización, o sea, que se obligaba a los pueblos conquistados a romanizarse para obtener los derechos y las consideraciones por parte del conquistador romano. Varios de los procesos concretos de asimilación en la historia se interrelacionan o derivan unos de otros.
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