Desde el inicio de la humanidad, el ser humano ha experimentado y desarrollado comportamientos de migración, motivados por la necesidad de obtener mejores recursos o por condiciones climáticas adversas, catástrofes naturales, etc.
La migración ha sido considerada como instrumento para alcanzar objetivos y metas del ser humano, en este sentido, la mitología clásica recoge en La Odisea como Homero inicia un largo viaje para alcanzar la ciudad “Itaca” donde el personaje lograría sus sueños, este patrón de la literatura ha sido una constante a lo largo de la historia, destacando obras como El Camino, Lejos de África, El Coloso de Marusi, entre otros.
Otro factor que ha determinado históricamente las migraciones, han sido las guerras, destacar la conquista de Alejandro Magno que originó una migración en masa de población griega, los pueblos germanos que emigraron hacia territorio romano o las invasiones mongolas que penetraron en el Imperio Chino atraídos por su esplendor económico y cultural.
Los comienzos de la Edad Moderna marcaron el inicio de los viajes del descubrimiento, la formación de los Imperios de ultramar, la colonización de otros continentes y países, llevada a cabo por parte, principalmente, de los países europeos. El descubrimiento de América supuso, también, que miles de personas emigraron a los territorios conquistados, implementado una nueva cultura y una despoblación de países europeos.
La Revolución Industrial se presenta como el mayor proceso migratorio experimentado en la humanidad, las nuevas oportunidades de empleo y formas de vida generó flujos migratorios masivos de zonas a rurales a industriales. Este flujo migratorio se mantiene en la actualidad de una forma masiva en países como China, India, Brasil…
Durante el siglo XIX y primera década del siglo XX se desarrolló la era clásica de las migraciones en masa -las grandes migraciones transoceánicas-, lo que supuso la emigración libre desde Europa al Norte y Sur de América, y a Oceanía, y representó uno de los trasvases de población más notables de toda la historia de la humanidad. Estas migraciones fueron desencadenadas por las fuertes demanda laboral de los países receptores, impulsadas por su crecimiento económico.
Se observa que la migración ha sido un elemento inherente al ser humano, que deriva de su naturaleza social y de su necesidad de búsqueda de nuevos objetivos y oportunidades. Además, las revoluciones, industriales y sociales, se han nutrido de los flujos migratorios, siendo un elemento fundamental para el desarrollo de los mismos.
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