La conceptualización del concepto de rendimiento académico ha variado a lo largo de la historia desde definiciones que se basaban en un único criterio hasta las más actuales con percepciones multidimensionales. Estas últimas aparecen como resultado del desarrollo de este concepto, paralelo a la evolución histórica de un fenómeno más amplio: el fracaso escolar.
Siguiendo Martínez de la Fuente (2010) el término fracaso escolar se introduce en el campo educativo en los años veinte. Durante el período de entreguerras la investigación educativa pone en el desarrollo de las escalas de medida de la inteligencia y toman preponderancia frente a la medida de la conducta y de la adecuación social y escolar de los alumnos. La inteligencia – deviene la explicación fundamental del comportamiento escolar. No se habla de fracaso escolar sino de «debilidad mental», » baja inteligencia, etc.
A partir de 1950 reaparece el concepto de fracaso escolar. Es el la época de la extensión de la obligatoriedad de la enseñanza en todos los sistemas escolares occidentales. Esta extensión coincide con el desarrollo del conductismo, y las variables de conducta toman fuerz como medio para evaluar los aprendizajes. El nivel de rendimiento se puede predecir aquí mediante los test, que definen en términos operativos las respuestas posibles de un sujeto, asegurándose así el grado de objetividad deseada.
Autor: Manuel Fernandez
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